MAKING IT NEW: THE ART AND STYLE

OF SARA AND GERALD MURPHY

AT YALE UNIVERSITY GALLERY OF ART

By Stephen May

NEW HAVEN, CONN. — “Once upon a time, there was a prince and a princess, and that’s exactly how a description of the Murphys should begin,” writer Donald Ogden Stewart once observed of Sara and Gerald Murphy. Attractive, gifted, wealthy Americans with homes in Paris and on the French Riviera, the Murphys were at the center of expatriate cultural and social life during the modernist ferment of the 1920s.

Gerald (1888–1964), witty, urbane and elusive, had an innate sense of modern style, gave magical parties and was a gifted painter. Sara (1883–1975), an enigmatic beauty with a gift for friendships and who wore her pearls to the beach, enthralled and inspired such icons as Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. “There was a shine to life wherever they were,” recalled poet Archibald MacLeish.

The models for the charismatic Nicole and Dick Driver in Fitzgerald’s Tender Is the Night, the Murphys also counted among their friends Fernand Leger, Serge Diaghilev, John Dos Passos, Alfred Hitchcock, MacLeish, Dorothy Parker, Cole Porter, Igor Stravinsky and a host of others. Far more than mere wealthy patrons, they were creative kindred spirits whose sustaining friendship released creative energy. The result was some of the most notable art, literature, music and theater of the Twentieth Century.

The glittering and sometimes tragic lives of the Murphys and their brilliant artistic circle are rewardingly examined in “Making It New: The Art and Style of Sara & Gerald Murphy,” a fascinating exhibition on view at the Yale University Art Gallery through May 4. Organized by Deborah Rothschild, senior curator of Modern and contemporary art at the Williams College Museum of Art, where the show opened last summer, this is the first exhibition to explore the contribution of the Murphys to the arts of the last century.

An interdisciplinary undertaking, it is both an art exhibition centering on Gerald’s seven surviving paintings, plus works by Picasso, Leger, Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Man Ray and other modern masters in their circle. Also displayed are set and costume décor, photographs, music, letters, film and archival material.

“‘Making It New’ offers both a lesson in how sociability can foster creativity and an antidote to the ongoing romantic narrative of the isolated genius,” said Lisa Corrin, director of the Williams College Museum of Art. The exhibition also provides insights into the American expatriate experience and how a European-American dialogue, stimulated by such transcontinental intermediaries as the Murphys, contributed to the evolution of modernism between world wars.

Born Sara Wiborg, daughter of a Cincinnati ink manufacturer, Sara Murphy was a fresh, delicate, blond beauty who spent much of her childhood in Europe, studying singing, becoming fluent in four languages, hobnobbing with the rich and famous and being presented at the Court of St James’s. She dabbled in art courses in New York and enjoyed summers at the family’s huge estate, “The Dunes,” in East Hampton, N.Y.

Tall and handsome, Gerald, the son of the head of the Mark Cross Company, a luxury-goods business, was raised in New York and graduated from Hotchkiss and Yale, where he made Skull and Bones and was voted best-dressed man in the Class of 1912.

Gerald and Sara met in 1904 and got to know each other at dances and parties in New York and East Hampton. By the time they married in 1915, Gerald was unhappily working for his father at Mark Cross. They settled briefly in Manhattan, where the first of their three children was born. After a short stint in the military, Gerald studied landscape architecture at Harvard.

In 1921, finding life in the United States constricting, the Murphys moved to France. Determined to carve out a life free from the conservative mores imposed by their wealthy families and benefiting from ample incomes, the Murphys led an elegantly simple existence; it was life as they wanted it to be. Consistent with their pared down modern lifestyle, their Paris apartment had black wood floors and white walls — and a single “artwork,” a rotating, steel ball-bearing atop an ebony piano.

Excited by Cubist paintings he glimpsed in the window of a Parisian gallery, Gerald studied art for six months with Russian expatriate painter Natalia Goncharova. Her concentration on “elementary shapes and blocks of color rather than on recognizable entities and details,” writes artist Trevor Winkfield in the catalog, “made Gerald a painter and not simply an unfocused aesthete.” Both Murphys volunteered to paint scenery for the Ballets Russes, meeting Diaghilev and other avant-garde artists in the process. “The Murphys’ life became an artistic exercise,” observes Rothschild, “informed by discipline, a keen sense of pleasure and aesthetic complexity.”

In 1923, they purchased and remodeled what became the fabled “Villa America” in Cap d’Antibes on the Riviera. The Murphys impressed Le Corbusier with their renovation of the small, seaside chalet in conformity with their minimalist predilections. Under a flat roof that served as a sun deck, the interior featured black floors, zebra rugs, numerous mirrors and glass bowls filled with flowers. The Murphys installed various American innovations unheard of in Europe, such as screen doors, electric fans and stainless steel bathroom fixtures.

In 1930, Leger designed a large (nearly 6 by 9 feet) double-sided room divider, “Large Comet Tails on Black Background,” on view in the exhibition. The screen, which marks a switch for the artist from geometric/mechanical themes to biomorphic/celestial imagery, was never installed. Gerald’s colorful, hand painted sign, “Villa America,” 1924–25, which hung at the gate of their home, is also featured.

Villa America was surrounded by seven acres of flower gardens, vegetable gardens, a citrus orchard and exotic shade trees. In their quest to make something fine and beautiful of their lives through “living well,” the Murphys created a grand playground for their children and a great place to entertain friends.

The Murphys “consciously constructed a life so perfect that, for a brief period, it became the calm center of a universe of talented and creative artists,” says Rothschild. Picasso drawings and vintage photographs help set the scene around Villa America and the beach at Cap d’Antibes. Picasso’s untitled (Pierrot and Harlequin), circa 1925, depicts a costume worn by the Murphys’ daughter in a photograph by Man Ray. Other photos by Man Ray document Gerald’s penchant for exhibitionism — sailing on his boat in the nude. Leger’s watercolor sketches of Gerald and Sara, created aboard their schooner Weatherbird, suggest their beach attire.

Encouraged by his friends Picasso and Leger, as well as the revolutionary aesthetics of Juan Gris and Amedee Ozenfant, Gerald began painting innovative works that combined realism and abstraction. To this task he brought his experiences as a product designer for Mark Cross and his bold sense of modernity. Between 1921 and 1929 he painted 14 known canvases; the seven surviving works are brought together here for the first time.

Perhaps as a carryover from painting huge theater sets, Gerald started out in Paris creating giant-sized works in the Cubist manner. His earliest paintings, now lost but reproduced in the show, were masterpieces of pared-down, machine-age simplicity: a machine portrait, “Tubines,” 1922, and images inspired by transatlantic ocean liners, “Engine Room (Pressure),” 1922, and “Boatdeck,” 1923. The size of the latter, a gigantic 18-by-12-foot depiction of funnels and ventilators, caused a stir at the 1924 Salon des Independants.

In some ways, the modern, mechanically precise style of these paintings reflected the clothing Gerald wore. As art historian Wanda Corn has observed, “Murphy’s habits of dress were those of a walking machine abstraction…He was a [modern] dandy…[who] chose clothing with strong accents of solid color and pronounced geometrical patterns.” Indeed, a photograph of Murphy vis-a-vis Leger’s Cubist abstraction, “Man with Hat,” 1920, suggests such affinities.

Murphy came to epitomize American modernity to many Frenchmen, who admired US skyscrapers, stylish consumer products and porcelain bathrooms. He, in turn “painted things closely associated in the French mind with American inventiveness and with transatlantic modernity,” says Corn.

Thus, Murphy’s subjects ranged from a Gillette safety razor, a Parker fountain pen and a box of Three Stars safety matches in “Razor,” 1924, to mechanical innards in “Watch,” 1924 (measuring a whopping 78½ by 78½ inches), to a corkscrew, shaker, long-stemmed glass with cherry, lemon — and an open box of cigars — in “Cocktail,” 1927. “Bibliotheque (Library),” 1926–27, features books, a Roman bust, a magnifying glass and a globe prominently displaying North and South America. Several of these posterlike works, with their bold colors and humble objects, prefigure Pop Art.

In “Portrait,” 1928 (lost, but shown in a black and white reproduction), Murphy combined a profile, a huge eye, a pair of lips, three thumbprints, a footprint and fragments of a ruler into a collagelike self-portrait. Art historian Kenneth E. Silver, whose chapter in the catalog deals with Murphy’s tortured feelings about his repressed bisexuality, thinks it is “a portrait of the artist as a gay man looking out from the closet.”

Murphy’s love of gardens, flowers and nature in general animated two other, nonmechanical works, “Doves,” 1925, and “Wasp and Pears,” 1929.

In Paris in 1923, Murphy worked on the conception and stage set for an “American” ballet, Within the Quota, with the score by Cole Porter, about the adventures of a bumbling Swedish immigrant in the United States. For the set, Murphy designed an enormous blown-up backdrop of a fictional American tabloid’s hyperbolic headlines. The small collage he created for the production’s program cover features a watercolor of the newly arrived, disoriented immigrant pasted atop a photographic collage of a jumble of Manhattan skyscrapers, the Flatiron Building, an elevated train and ocean liners.

At the time, Gerald’s idiosyncratic works were praised by French critics for their inventive, American audacity, and were applauded by his friends Picasso and Leger. But the Murphys’ joyful existence at Villa America lasted only a decade. The tragic deaths of both of their sons as teenagers, the rise of fascism in Europe, their return to the United States in the Great Depression for Gerald to run the family business and his reported conclusion that he would never be a first-rate artist, prompted him to stop painting. As “a perfectionist,” Corn speculates, “he could not go forward as an artist in these new conditions.”

Murphy’s work gradually faded from public view until his pristine, meticulously painted oeuvre was rediscovered, as art historian Dorothy Kosinski describes in the catalog, in a show at the Dallas Museum for Contemporary Arts in 1960.

In their later years, while living up the Hudson River and in East Hampton, the Murphys continued to entertain in style, and he enjoyed, briefly, a revival of interest in his art before dying of cancer.

This exhibition, putting Gerald Murphy’s admirable paintings in the context of the golden duo’s glorious time in France, offers a comprehensive picture of them as artistic forces in their own right who helped drive the modernist movement of the 1920s. It underscores the high standing of Murphy’s paintings today. “Tiny his oeuvre may have been,” says Corn of Murphy’s work, “but what he created was remarkably fine.” Curator William Rubin called him “a major American artist.” “Gerald Murphy now looks to many of us,” says Silver, “like one of the most interesting American artists of the early Twentieth Century.” Art curator Kenneth Wayne writes in the catalog that “As precursors to Pop Art, they [Murphy’s paintings] can be considered masterpieces of American art.”

The 238-page illustrated catalog, edited by Rothschild, with essays by several scholars, is published by the Williams College Museum of Art and the University of California Press. It sells for $60, hardcover and $34.95 softcover.

The Yale University Art Gallery is at 1111 Chapel Street. For information, 203-432-0600 or www.artgallery.yale.edu.

‘Making It New: The Art And Style Of Sara & Gerald Murphy’

‘The Art And Style Of Sara & Gerald Murphy’

 At The Yale University Art Gallery

The Art And Style Of Sara & Gerald Murphy

WEB

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Murphy’s experiences with luxury goods at Mark Cross and his affinity for modern design of consumer products animated his best-known painting, “Razor,” 1924, replete with an enormous, vividly colored Gillette razor, Parker pen and Three Stars safety matchbox. It is reminiscent of early work by Stuart Davis. Dallas Museum of Art.

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The Murphys underscored their Americanness by calling their Riviera home “Villa America” and entertaining there with American themes. In 1924, Gerald painted this 14½-by-21½-inch sign in the vivid colors of the American and French flags to hang at the driveway to their place. Curtis Galleries.

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In this 6-foot-square canvas, “Watch,” 1925, Murphy meticulously rendered the inside of a Mark Cross watch, at the center, surrounded by dials, springs and levers from other timepieces, including Roman numerals from a watch Sara gave him. Painted with 14 shades of gray, complemented by touches of black, ocher and yellow, it was called “astonishing” and “seducing” by critics when it was exhibited at the 1925 Salon des Independants. Dallas Museum of Art.

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Man Ray photographed Gerald and Sara Murphy’s daughter, Honoria, posed in a harlequin costume. Pablo Picasso used similar outfits in a painting of his son, Paolo, and untitled (Pierrot and Harlequin), 1925, a hand printed color stencil. The Spanish artist was a great friend of the Murphys and a major influence on Gerald’s art. The Baltimore Museum of Art: The Cone collection.

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Fernand Leger, a close friend of the Murphys, opened their eyes to aspects of Modern art and influenced Gerald’s paintings. They entertained Leger in their homes and promoted his work. In 1930, Leger created this large, double-sided screen, “Queue des Cometes sur Fond Noir (Large Comet Tails on Black Background),” front, for Villa America. It was never installed and two sides are now in different collections, but it is reunited for the current exhibition. Galerie Maeght, Paris.

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Le Corbusier, whom the Murphys entertained at Villa America, was impressed by its flat roof and whitewashed walls. The Murphys translated the Frenchman’s ideas into dress and interior design, and admired his Cubist works, like “Still Life,” 1920. The Museum of Modern Art.

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Among the modernists painting in France, Murphy particularly admired the work of Spanish-born Juan Gris, who became a leading Cubist with paintings like “Le Siphon,” 1913. The Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University.

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Based on memories of objects in his father’s library, Gerald Murphy’s “Bibliotheque (Library),” 1926–27, owes much of its composition to works by his friend, Fernand Leger. It is a sizable 725/8  by 53 inches. Yale University Art Gallery.

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Murphy’s “Cocktail,” 1927, was inspired by his father’s bar tray. It reflects French interest in American mixed drinks, which Gerald raised to a high art, and served with the perfect accoutrements. “The elements of the cocktail hour are arrayed with military precision across a Cubist grid,” notes exhibition organizer Deborah Rothschild. Whitney Museum of American Art.

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“Doves,” 1925, inspired by Murphy’s sighting of birds on an ancient chapel in Genoa, stands out for its muted colors, interlocking forms and Surreal quality. “The composition,” says curator Rothschild, “is a neatened-up version of Cubist fragmentation and displacement, similar to the kind found in the work of Gris, Ozefant and Le Corbusier.” Curtis Galleries.

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In Murphy’s last painting, which he thought was probably his best, “Wasp and Pear,” 1929, a colossal wasp (or hornet) feasts on a pear. Archibald MacLeish gave it to the Museum of Modern Art on condition that it be displayed immediately so the artist, dying of cancer, could know about it. When Murphy died in 1964, “Wasp and Pear” was hanging at MoMA, alongside paintings by Picasso and Leger. The Museum of Modern Art.

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Fernand Leger commemorated a voyage on the Murphys’ schooner, Weatherbird, by creating 24 small watercolors, including “Portrait of Gerald Murphy from Weatherbird Portfolio,” 1934. It suggests the scant attire and skullcap Gerald favored while sailing. Honoria Murphy Donnelly collection.

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Leger’s “Portrait of Sara Murphy from Weatherbird Portfolio,” 1934, shows her wearing a blue polka dot hat and dress that is pulled off her shoulders for sunbathing. The artist inscribed his watercolors to the Murphys from “their very devoted cabin boy.” Honoria Murphy Donnelly Collection.

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An early Murphy painting, “Boatdeck” (lost), 1923, depicting smokestacks and ventilators of a Cunard ocean liner, caused such a sensation at the 1924 Salon des Independants exhibition that the 18-by-12-foot work “could scarcely be seen, so great was the crush around it,” the Paris Herald reported. Reproduction, Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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In “Portrait” (lost), 1928, a self-portrait that borders on the Surreal, Murphy offered views of his lips, eye, foot, thumb prints, a ruler and a male profile. Given to the designer of the schooner Weatherbird, it was destroyed in France during World War II. Reproduction, Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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Curator Rothschild observes that “a certain mechanical-age dynamism and muscularity reign” in Murphy’s early, Cubist-inspired painting, “Engine Room (Pressure)” (lost), 1922. This stark rendering of hard metal machinery was one of four Murphy works displayed at the 1923 Salon des Independants. Reproduction, Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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“Turbines” (lost), 1922, is another early closeup of a mechanical object that the French associated with American machine-age inventiveness and might. A composite view of largely real parts, it was displayed at the 1923 Salon des Independants. Reproduced in the journal Shadowland, vol. 7, no. 4 (page 45), June 1923. Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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Characteristic of the visitors who gathered around Villa America is this group in a photograph on La Garoupe beach that includes designer Elsie de Wolfe (second from left); Gerald Murphy (standing in striped shirt); actor Monty Woolley (standing third from right) and Sara Murphy (standing far right). Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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Expatriate artist Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky in Philadelphia), was a frequent guest at Villa America, where he took numerous photographs, including this view of “Sara Murphy and Her Children,” 1926. Honoria Murphy Donnelly collection.

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In Paris in 1923, Gerald Murphy created an “American” ballet, “Within the Quota,” with the score by his friend Cole Porter. The program, designed by Gerald, featured an image of the star, an innocent Swedish immigrant, possibly painted by Sara, superimposed over a photographic collage of Manhattan skyscrapers, the el and ocean liners. Dansmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden, Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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“In dress,” says curator Rothschild, Gerald Murphy “used his body as an armature for severe Constructivist assemblages comparable to works by Leger.” Indeed, the American’s penchant for white suits and jaunty hats is echoed in Leger’s colorful 1920 painting, “Man with Hat.” The Baltimore Museum of Art.